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l HH 5 HH # # `Notes for November 8, 1999
` Greetings and Felicitations!
`Puzzle of the Day
`Password Storage
` In the clear; MULTICS story
`CEnciphers; key must be kept available; get to it and its all over
`AHashed; present idea of one-way functions using identity and sum
`Show UNIX version
`*Attack Schemes Directed to the Passwords
`HExhaustive search: UNIX is 1-8 chars, say 96 possibles; its about 7e16
`?Inspired guessing: think of what people would like (see above)
] `DRandom guessing: cant defend against it; bad login messages aid it
^ `sScavenging: passwords often typed where they might be recorded (b\as login name, in other contexts, etc .
_ `;Ask the user: very common with some public access services
` `Expected time to guess
a `Password aging
b `;Pick age so when password is guessed, its no longer valid
c `FImplementation: track previous passwords vs. upper, lower time bounds
d `!Ultimate in aging: One-Time Pads
e `#Password is valid for only one use
f `LMay work from list, or new password may be generated from old by a function
g `Example: S/Key
h `Challenge-response systems
i `dComputer issues challenge, user presents response to verify secret information known/item possessed
j Example operations: f ( x ) = x +1, random, string (for users without computers), time of day, computer sends @UE ( x ), you answer E ( D ( E ( x ))+1)
k `-Note: password never sent on wire or network
l ` Attack: monkey-in-the-middle
m `_Defense: mutual authentication (will discuss more sophisticated network-based protocols later)
n ` Biometrics
o `#Depend on physical characteristics
p `RExamples: pattern of typing (remarkably effective), retinal scans, etc .
q ` Location
r `9Bind user to some location detection device (human, GPS)
As `'Authenticate by location of the device HH 5 HH l d :> !! $$ :? $$ "B! G
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