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FW,e HUV ;.HUV 3Ge HUV ;05+HUV 22l H$ ;1H$ 5Ge H$ ;33H$ 44l HHˆ;4HHˆ…447  `Outline for February 15, 2001 `Greetings and felicitations! `NTuesday, Feb 20 3-4:30: Friday Feb 23 1:10-2:30; go to 1101 Hart Hall to view `9Application: clock synchronization in the face of faults `"interactive convergence algorithm `"interactive consistency algorithm K`Example of time protocol: NTP `Distributed File Systems `/Goals: network transparency, high availability `IArchitecture: flat (all servers); have specific file servers and clients 0`ZCritical services: name server (resolves file names), cache manager (speeds accessses up) 1`Building Blocks 2`PMounting: binds differing name spaces to a single global view of the name space 3` Mounting 4`MPut the name space at a point in the file tree, as a directory (mount point) 5`5Mount table maps mount points to remote file servers 6`eMaintain mount info at client: each client mounts file systems individually; updates in client (NFS) 7`gMaintain mount info at server: every client sees identical name space; updates at server only (Sprite) 8`Caching 9` Reduces delays in file accesses :`7Copy data to local client ; exploits temporal locality ;`Hints <`.Like caching, but regard data as not reliable =`eExample: store name resolution data, and work from closest back; invalidate cache entries on failure >` Encryption ?`2Use Needham-Schroeder (describe generic protocol) @`Naming A`EName resolution: map name to address or object (or multiple oblects) B`@Name space: collection of names; need not share name resolution C`\Approach 1: names identify host: /net/olympus/home/bishop; unique, location dependent (NFS) !D iApproach 2: mount remote directories locally: need to know host system for mount, but then its location @transparent (NFS) !E nApproach 3: single global directory resolving all name references (Sprite, Apollo); unique, location transpar@:ent, but typically limited to single organizational units F` Contexts G`QPartition of name space; context identifies the name resoultion mechanism to use !H jExample: Tilde partitions name space into directory trees based upon project; context is the set of tilde @,trees that a process has in its environment I` Name servers J`Writing Policy M`NWrite-through: client writes to file, server immediately updates file written !N pDelayed write at server: client writes to file, server may hold before updating file; idea is that data may not @\need to be written at all because client may delete it; problem is crashes loose that data !O wDelayed write at client: writes sit at client until file is closed, then are flushed to server. Idea is that files are @;open for a very short time, so this cuts burden on servers P`Cache consistency Q`Jserver-initiated: servers inform cache managers when data no longer valid R`^client-initiated: client cache managers check validity of data before returning it to callers !S ldisallow caching when concurrent-write sharing: file open at multiple clients, and at least one for writing @=(either server tracks who has file open and how, or lock it) aT oproblem: sequential-write sharing: recently updated file (by one client) is opened for writing by a second clijent. Second may have outdated blocks in cache (cache timestamps, and compare with real timestamps); first HHˆ;6HHˆ 66 lH$ @5!:H$ 99l H$ @6!H$ 8WlO Outline for February 15, 2001ECS 251 Winter 2001Page  1  HUV @7!8HHUV GGldf== HHˆf;HHˆ##=S`!Interactive Consistency Protocol ``This assumes that no two non-faulty clocks differ by more than  d . All processes execute this protocol simultaneously. a* p i  obtains the value of the other processes clocks (for example, by using the OM( m ) protocol). Call these values @$v 1 , ,  v n . c`XSet  p i s clock to the median of  v 1 , ,  v n . g_`Example *q*`vSuppose  p 0 ,  p 1 ,  p 2 , and  p 3  wish to synchronize their clocks. Take  d  = 10,  C 0  = 2,  C 1  = 5, C 2  = 8, and  C 3  = 10. Then: UU~`eafter this protocol is used, all the clocks are set to  median (2,5, 8, 10) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6. *`\Now suppose  p 3 s clock is faulty and drifts to  C 3  = 25. Then: B`=C 0  =  median (2, 5, 8, 25) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6 `=C 1  =  median (2, 5, 8, 25) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6 `=C 2  =  median (2, 5, 8, 25) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6  0Now assume  C 3  is a two-faced clock. Begin with the same values as above, except that  p 3  reports  C 3  = 1 to  p 1  and @_C 3  = 25 to  p 0  and  p 2 . All apply an agreement protocol: _`p 3  invokes OM(1) b`T p 3  sends 1 to p1 and 25 to  p 0  and  p 2 . `I p 0  receives 25 from  p 3  and invokes OM(0).  `I p 0  sends 25 to  p 1  and  p 2 . !`' p 1  receives value 25. "`' p 2  receives value 25. `H p 1  receives 1 from  p 3  and invokes OM(0). `H p 1  sends 1 to  p 0  and  p 2 . `& p 0  receives value 1. `& p 2  receives value 1. #`:p2 receives 25 from  p 3  and invokes OM(0). $`I p 2  sends 25 to  p 0  and  p 1 . %`' p 0  receives value 25. &`' p 1  receives value 25. '`] p 0  computes majority (25, 1, 25) and takes the value at the source to be 25. (`] p 1  computes majority (25, 1, 25) and takes the value at the source to be 25. *`] p 2  computes majority (25, 1, 25) and takes the value at the source to be 25. `=C 0  =  median (2, 5, 8, 25) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6 `=C 1  =  median (2, 5, 8, 25) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6 `=C 2  =  median (2, 5, 8, 25) = (5 + 8)/2 = 6 K+UU`)Notice thatall arrive at the same value. HHˆf;HHˆt<< l}?H =x1C?H FW-e¢ }H =zB2H FW.e d=~EEd=DdFF l d=Dd& zrE zupkfa\WRMHC>vCFILORUX[^adgjmpsy| %).12/,)&# HUV @8!HUV :WlCLast modified at 3:14 pm on Thursday, February 15, 2001 HHˆ@9!:HHˆII l HHˆ@:!HHˆHW` (dXtt HHˆXrHHˆ7$$t `%Fault-Tolerant Clock Synchronization ,` Introduction  uThe goal is to synchronize the time of clocks on different systems. The protocol includes both faulty and non-faulty 0Iclocks. The assumptions are that initially all clocks are synchronized to within some small value  d , that non-faulty {clocks run at the correct rate (that is, one tick per second), and a nonfaulty process can read a non-faulty clock with an @Perror of at most  e . In what follows, we shall assume  e  = 0. $z` Notation '`n  processes (*`p i  process  M`!Interactive Convergence Protocol !`This assumes that no two non-faulty clocks differ by more than  d . All processes execute this protocol simultaneously. "* p i  obtains the value of the other processes clocks (for example, by using the OM( m ) protocol). Call these values UH@$v 1 , ,  v n . #`2For all  j  <  n , if | v j   v i | > d, set  v j  =  v i . Otherwise,  v j  =  v j . )`PSet  p i s clock to ( j   v j )/ n . E*`Example I*->`vSuppose  p 0 ,  p 1 ,  p 2 , and  p 3  wish to synchronize their clocks. Take  d  = 10,  C 0  = 2,  C 1  = 5, C 2  = 8, and  C 3  = 10. Then: JUU;`Vafter this protocol is used, all the clocks are set to (2 + 5 + 8 + 10)/4 = 25/4 = 6. K*G`\Now suppose  p 3 s clock is faulty and drifts to  C 3  = 25. Then: LU`,C 0  = (2 + 5 + 8 + 2)/4 = 17/4 = 4 M`,C 1  = (2 + 5 + 8 + 5)/4 = 20/4 = 5 N`,C 2  = (2 + 5 + 8 + 8)/4 = 23/4 = 6 O`After the next round, assuming  p 3  reports any value  d  away from  C 0 ,  C 1 , and  C 2 : P`,C 0  = (4 + 5 + 6 + 4)/4 = 19/4 = 5 Q`,C 1  = (4 + 5 + 6 + 5)/4 = 20/4 = 5 R`,C 2  = (4 + 5 + 6 + 6)/4 = 21/4 = 5 T HNow assume  C 3  is a two-faced clock. The danger is that  p 3  will report a value within  d  of  C 1  to  p 1 , and not within  d  of @eC 0  and  C 2 . So, begin with the same values as above, except that  p 3  reports  C 3  = 1 to  p 1  and  C 3  = 25 to  p 0  and  p 2 : W`,C 0  = (2 + 5 + 8 + 2)/4 = 17/4 = 4 X`,C 1  = (2 + 5 + 8 + 1)/4 = 16/4 = 4 Y`,C 2  = (2 + 5 + 8 + 8)/4 = 23/4 = 6 V`At the next round,  p 3  reports  C 3  = 15 to  p 2  and  C 3  = 0 to  p 0  and  p 1 . [`,C 0  = (4 + 4 + 6 + 0)/4 = 14/4 = 4 \`,C 1  = (4 + 4 + 6 + 0)/4 = 14/4 = 4 ]`-C 2  = (4 + 4 + 6 + 15)/4 = 29/4 = 7 CZ`By continuing in this fashion,  p 3  can prevent the value of the clocks of the non-faulty processors from converging. HHˆXrHHˆ =ss  l|.} ? Eu($ ? LWe }? H Ew#%? H LWe... } H Ey$ H LWe }? E{+'? MWe }?H E}&(?H MWe- }H E'#H MWe }? E.*? NWe }?H E)+?H NWe-- }H E*&H NWe }? E1-? OWe }?H E,.?H OWe° }H E-)H OWe }? E40? PWe }?H E/1?H PWe® }H E0,H PWe }? EC3? 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