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Query is to cache, then local (if there) or remote; @"if remote, to cache, then to file r`jDelayed writing policy: every 5 sec, cached blocks not modified in last 30 sec are written back to server s`Replacement policy: LRU !t hConsistency: server-initiated approach; files open for both reading and writing are not cached and when @Eopened for such, cached blocks are written back before open finished u`"Example: Coda (descendant of AFS) !v qArchitecture: highly scalable so clients take much of load through caching; local clients disk treated entirely @5as a cache and clients can operate when disconnected !w lNaming: uses volumes; each file, directory has a 92-bit File ID (32 bit volume number, 32 bit vnode number, j32 bit unique identifier). Replication preserves FIDs. Servers have volume location databases. name compo@5nents mapped to FIDs and this info cached at client. !x hCaching: on volume creation, number and location of volume replicas is set (called a volume replication odatabase; set of servers called a volume storage group; set of servers accessible to a client for every cached @lvolume is called accesible volume storage group and is kept track of by client cache manager, called Venus) y``v  votes total  +`Voting Algorithm ^ *`kIn what follows, we require that  r  +   w  >  v  and 2 w  >  v . ?**`8S i  issues a LOCK_REQUEST to  L i  @'`aWhen LOCK_REQUEST granted,  S i  sends a VOTE_REQUEST message to all other processes A`8When  S j  receives a VOTE_REQUEST message: B`9S j  issues a LOCK_REQUEST to  L j . C`kIf LOCK_REQUEST granted,  S j  returns  N j  and  V j  to  S i F S i  waits for some timeout period, then determines if it has a quorum. Let  P  be the set of sites from which replies @#have been received and let  Q  = {  s      P  |  N j  = { max { N k  |  k     P  } } G`For a read request, if  V r  =  s      P   V s   r , then  S i  has a read quorum H`For a write request, if  V w  =  s      Q   V s   w , then  S i  has a write quorum. !I If  S i  does not obtain the desired quorum, it issues a RELEASE_LOCK to  L i  and all  L s  from which it has received @Qvotes (that is, all  L s  with  s      P ). K`tIf  S i  obtains a lock, it checks that its local copy is current (and if not, obtains a current copy). L`'If  S i  requested a read: YUU`The local copy is read. Z*`>S i  issues a RELEASE_LOCK to  L i  and all  L s  from which it has received votes (that is, all  L s  with  s      P ). U`(If  S i  requested a write: VUU`The local copy is written. W*d`'S i  updates  N i  X`PS i  sends all the updates and  N i  to all sites in  Q \`>S i  issues a RELEASE_LOCK to  L i  and all  L s  from which it has received votes (that is, all  L s  with  s      P ). [`SIf  S i  receives an update, it performs the update on its local copy. ]`JIf  L i  receives a RELEASE_LOCK, it releases the local lock. _T*T` Guarantees ae`GNone of the obsolete copies are updated due to a write quorum (see 6). bq`]There is a subset of replicas that are current and whose votes total to  w  (see 7). Ac iThere is a non-null intersection between every read quorum and every write quorum (from the relationship HHˆg;HHˆ @<< ldg@@ HHˆg>HHˆa*.,,@c@2among  r ,  w , and  v ). 1d yThe write quorum  w  is high enough to disallow simultaneous writes on two distinct subsets of replicas (see the @?relationship among  r ,  w , and  v ). ``Example ~*I gThere are four sites.  S 1 ,  S 2 , and  S 4  have 1 vote, and  S 3  has 2 votes.  S 1  wants to read a file. For this file,  N 1  = 1,  N 2  = 2, W@and  N 3  =  N 4  = 3. Assume  r  = 3 and  w  = 3; then 3 + 3 > 5 and 2    3 > 5. `6S 1  issues LOCK_REQUEST to  L 1  `!L 1  grants LOCK_REQUEST ``S 1  broadcasts VOTE_REQUEST to  S 2 ,  S 3 ,  S 4  `MS 2  receives VOTE_REQUEST, issues LOCK_REQUEST to  L 2  `L 2  grants LOCK_REQUEST, so  S 2  returns  N 2  = 2 and  V 2  = 1 to  S 1 `MS 3  receives VOTE_REQUEST, issues LOCK_REQUEST to  L 3  `L 3  grants LOCK_REQUEST, so  S 3  returns  N 3  = 3 and  V 3  = 2 to  S 1 `MS 4  receives VOTE_REQUEST, issues LOCK_REQUEST to  L 4  `L 4  grants LOCK_REQUEST, so  S 4  returns  N 4  = 3 and  V 4  = 1 to  S 1 # [After timeout,  S 1  computes  V 1  +  V 2  +  V 3  +  V 4  = 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 3 =  r , so  S 1  has a read quorum. It checks that its copy @is current; it sees it is not as  N 1  <  N 3 , and obtains a current copy from  S 3 . It sets  N 1  to 3. `"S 1  reads the local copy `rS 1  sends RELEASE_LOCK to  L 1 ,  L 2 ,  L 3 , and  L 4  UU` !*%*t`fNow suppose  S 1  wants to write. The protocol above is the same until the timeout. Then: 1#2 \After timeout,  S 1  computes  V 1  +  V 2  +  V 3  +  V 4  = 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 3 =  w , so  S 1  has a write quorum. It checks that its copy @{is current; it sees it is not as  N 1  <  N 3 , and obtains a current copy from  S 3 . %`#S 1  writes the local copy )`S 1  sets N1 to 4 *`sS 1  sends the updates and  N 1  = 4 to  S 2 ,  S 3 , and  S 4 &`rS 1  sends RELEASE_LOCK to  L 1 ,  L 2 ,  L 3 , and  L 4  "UU` +*`Now let  r  = 2 and  w  = 4. Suppose  S 1  wants to read but  S 2  and  S 3  do not respond. Then: 1- BAfter timeout,  S 1  computes  V 1  +  V 4  = 1 + 1 2 =  r , so  S 1  has a read quorum. It checks that its copy is current; it is not, @]as  N 1  <  N 4 , and obtains a current copy from  S 4 . .`"S 1  reads the local copy /`FS 1  sends RELEASE_LOCK to  L 1  and  L 4 3UU` 5**J`oNow suppose  S 2  wants to read, but  S 1  and  S 4  do not respond. Then: 17 BAfter timeout,  S 2  computes  V 2  +  V 3  = 1 + 2 2 =  r , so  S 2  has a read quorum. It checks that its copy is current; it is not, @]as  N 1  <  N 3 , and obtains a current copy from  S 3 . 8`"S 1  reads the local copy 9`FS 1  sends RELEASE_LOCK to  L 1  and  L 3 ,UU` 1*4T`WSuppose  S 1  wants to write but  S 3  does not respond. Then: 2B*5`6After timeout,  S 1  computes  V 1  +  V 2  +  V 4  = 1 + 1 + 1 < 4 =  w , so  S 1  does not have a write quorum. 4`_S 1  sends RELEASE_LOCK to  L 1 ,  L 2 , and  L 4  K0UU` HHˆg>HHˆ=?? l}?H =x1C?H FW-e¢ }H =zB2H FW.e d=~EEd=DdFF l d=Dd& zrE zupkfa\WRMHC>vCFILORUX[^adgjmpsy| %).12/,)&# HUV @8!HUV :WlBLast modified at 6:37 am on Tuesday, February 27, 2001 HHˆ@9!:HHˆII l HHˆ@:!HHˆHW` |Y} ? Eu($ ? LWe }? H Ew#%? H LWe... } H Ey$ H LWe }? E{+'? MWe }?H E}&(?H MWe- }H E'#H MWe }? E.*? NWe }?H E)+?H NWe-- }H E*&H NWe }? E1-? OWe }?H E,.?H OWe° }H E-)H OWe }? E40? PWe }?H E/1?H PWe® }H E0,H PWe }? EC3? 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