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Only the agent permitted to certify entities may change the list of such entities associated with a TP. An @^agent that can certify an entity may not have any execute rights with respect to that entity. ` Cryptography `Dbasics (cryptosystems, attacks, codes vs. ciphers, superencryption)  `5substitution ciphers (Csar cipher, Vigenre cipher)  `*transposition ciphers (rail-fence cipher)  `product cipher (DES)  `public key crypto (RSA, DH) `cryptographic checksums `key management (Kerberos, PKI) `digital signatures `authentication A`Examples: PEM, PGP, IPSec HHˆXeHHˆ7= ld@48H}?H =[ #?H ;We Replace With }H =]"$H ;W eHead }H =_#%H ;W!e Comments }? =a$&? CW"e }?H =c%'?H CW#e }H =e&(H CW$e }H =g')H CW%e }d =j(.d DW&eCharacter Macros HHˆ;"HHˆ+Ge HHˆ;$3HHˆ**l}?d =l?d DW'e }d =nd DW(e }? =p)/? EW)e Character }?H =r.0?H EW*e Replace With }H =t/1H EW+e Comments }? =v0B? FW,e HUV ;.HUV 3Ge HUV ;05+HUV 22l H$ ;1H$ 5Ge H$ ;33H$ 44l HHˆ;4HHˆ‡#117  `Outline for February 22, 2001 `Greetings and felicitations! `aFriday Feb 23 1:10-2:30 (if not in this room, look in 1062 Banier); go to 1101 Hart Hall to view 6`7No class Tuesday (another trip,  sigh  )  `Design Principles D`*Example Mechanism: MULTICS ring mechanism Ei`CMULTICS rings: used for both data and procedures; rights are REWA F* 5 ( b 1 ,  b 2 ) access bracket - can access freely; ( b 3 ,  b 4 ) call bracket - can call segment through gate; so if  a s UUlaccess bracket is (32,35) and its call bracket is (36,39), then  assuming permission mode (REWA) allows access , a procedure in: "Crings 0-31: can access  a , but ring-crossing fault occurs The protection mechanism should not depend on attackers being 0dignorant of its design to succeed. It may however be based on the attacker's ignorance of specific @.information such as passwords or cipher keys. 5`%Principle of Separation of Privilege 6 6The protection mechanism should grant access based on @$more than one piece of information. 7`Principle of Least Privilege 8 ?The protection mechanism should force every process to operate @8with the minimum privileges needed to perform its task. 9`%Principle of Least Common Mechanism : 4The protection mechanism should be shared as little @as possible among users. ;(`*Principle of Psychological Acceptability < (3The protection mechanism should be easy to use (at 6@ least as easy as not using it). W0E` HHˆg;HHˆ << l}H oED=?H FBGPe P:LetteredA }H oGD>@H FBGQeH* }H oID?AH FBGReN }H oKD@JH FBGSeN }?H =x1C?H FW-e¢ }H =zB2H FW.e d=~EEd=DdFF l d=Dd2!zrE!zupkfa\WRMHC>v>CFILORUX[^adgjmpsy| %).12/,)&# HUV @8!HUV :WlBLast modified at 6:40 am on Tuesday, February 27, 2001 HHˆ@9!:HHˆII l HHˆ@:!HHˆHW` }H oMDACH FBGXe }H p LH  GGYe4 }H p! 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