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Q;We Macro Name dR  dR  d l dR  d [ WBm }d R d  <W|aHeadings Table }Hd R Hd  <W}a }d R d  <W~a }HR H  =WeHeading Level }HHR HH =g%Paragraph ForEmat }HR H  =We Comments }? \P[? Q>We }?H \P?H Q>We... }H \PH Q>We }KH R! KH  ?We2 }HKH R# HKH  ?We Heading1 }KH R% KH  ?Wa }WH R' WH  @We3 }HWH R) HWH  @W e Heading2 }WH R+ WH  @W a }cH R- cH  AW e4 }HcH R/ HcH  AW e Heading3 }cH R1 _cH  AW a HHˆ>=HHˆt @(The handout  All About Homework   has more information on how to turn in homework and what I expect. Please sub0pmit your homework electronically as described in that handout; I will not accept handwritten assignments. Also, oplease think your answers through before writing them down in final form. A request for a discussion should be xtreated as an essay question, with a main theme and arguments for and against the answer. It is fair to present the factors that affect your answer; it is  not  acceptable to begin by giving one answer in the introduction and a different oanswer in the conclusion! (Yes, youll lose points.) Always show your work; if you simply write down a correct @lanswer and do not show how you got that answer, you will not get any credit (even if your answer is right). 6g`Grading Iy`$33%Homework34%Project33%Final K` Extra Credit E uSome of the assignments may include suggestions for extra credit. Extra credit scores are kept separate from regular 0zscores. If you end up on a borderline between two grades at the end of the course, extra credit will count in your favor. tHowever, failure to do extra credit will never count against you, since grades are assigned on the basis of regular xscores. You should do extra credit if you find it interesting and think it might teach you something. But it never pays @@to skimp on the regular assignment in order to do extra credit. b`Academic Integrity c`xPlease see the Winter 2001  Class Schedule and Room Directory  for a general discussion of this. In particular: d nAll work submitted for credit must be your own. You may discuss your assignments with classmates or me to get 0qideas or a critique of your ideas, but the ideas and words you submit must be your own. Unless explicitly stated @[otherwise in the assignment, collaboration is cheating and will be dealt with accordingly. e5`iYou must write up your own homework solutions and may neither read nor copy another students solutions. qgA qA good analogy between appropriate discussion and inappropriate collaboration is the following: you and a fellow nstudent work for competing software companies developing products to meet a given specification. You and your tcompetitor might choose to discuss product specifications and general techniques employed in your products, but you wcertainly would not discuss or exchange proprietary information revealing details of your products. Ask the instructor @Ifor clarification  beforehand  if the above rules are not clear. HHˆ>?HHˆ79 ld>C99 }?xH QP #?xH Q;We Replace With }xH QP"$xH Q;WeHead }xH QP#%xH Q;We Comments }? QP$&? QBWa }?H QP%'?H QBW a }H QP&(H QBW!a }H QP')H QBW"a }d QP(.d QCW#aCharacter Macros HHˆ;"HHˆ+We HHˆ;$3HHˆ**l}?d QP?d QCW$a }d QPd QCW%a }? QP)/? QDW&e Character }?H QP.0?H QDW'e Replace With }H QP/1H QDW(e Comments }? QP0<? QEW)e HUV ;.HUV 3We HUV ;05+HUV 22l H$ ;1H$ 5We H$ ;33H$ 44l HHˆ;4HHˆƒ3((7 `General Information ,` Instructor  PMatt Bishop Office hours : MWF 12:00 noon 1:00 PM, or by appointment 2 IMOffice : 3059 Engineering Unit II Email : bishop@cs.ucdavis.edu @OPhone : (530) 752-8060 WWW : http://seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu/~bishop r`Note : If you send me email about the class, please make the subject begin with  ECS 251  to help me see it quickly! 3z`!Lectures and Discussion Sections 3`,Lecture: TuTh 12:10PM1:30PM in 1070 Bainer k`#Discussion section: to be arranged 5`Course Outline 7ê sA survey of formal models for the study of operating systems. Modeling of parallel processes and their synchroniza0Ϫytion in terms of partial orderings and procedure relations. Deterministic and probabilistic models for the evaluation of @system performance. 7` Course Goals 8`Some goals I hope you achieve: 9`Zunderstand how process synchronization works, and some of the mechanisms to achieve this; <k`,learn about the various models of deadlock; ;`Alearn about distributed systems and the algorithms they use; and = llearn the very basics of computer security and cryptography (enough to interest you in ECS 222 and ECS 253, C@for example...). `\U`Course Prerequisites an`YI expect you to be comfortable with the following concepts and able to do the following: lz`;Operating systems, as covered in ECS 150 or ECS 151AB; and ;`?Basic probability theory, as covered in Math 131 or Stat 131A. >3`Text ? tMukesh Singhal and Niranjan G. Shivaratri,  Advanced Concepts in Operating Systems , McGraw-Hill, Inc., New @York, NY (1994). B3`)Course Web Page, Handouts, and Newsgroup C }The web page  http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~cs251  contains links to course handouts. Information about this class, 0shomework assignments, office hours, and so forth, will be posted to the web page. Announcements, information about zassignments, and other important messages will be posted to the  ucd.class.ecs251  newsgroup. Read this newsgroup vdaily, especially near the time assignments are due. You are responsible for everything posted. This newsgroup is not @gfor discussion about the class, for but information from the instructor or teaching assistants to you. !E ~If you want to post things about the class, please use the discussion newsgroup  ucd.class.ecs251.d.  Discussing some@'thing in this group is perfectly fair! GJ3`Homework Assignments H[ݿ nThere will be several homework assignments. The due date will be on each assignment. Because we must cover so pgݾxmuch material, it is imperative you keep up with the class and labs. As this is a graduate class, I expect that each of qyou can keep charge of your own time, and get assignments in on time. So I will not penalize you for late assign@vments,  but I reserve the right to change this policy if the class abuses it!  So please get work in on time. HHˆ;6HHˆ 66 l HHˆ>D!HHˆƒ((9- ` Syllabus 2,`Week #1. January 45, 2000 D 'Topics : Introduction and overview  G@3Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  1 FZ`Week #2. January 812, 2000 S j %Topics : Process synchronization  v@9Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  2, 4.7 P`Week #3. January 1519, 2000 R Topics : Deadlock  @3Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  3 W`Week #4. January 2226, 2000 Z Ȫ 0Topics : Foundations of distributed systems  Ԫ@=Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  4.14.7, 5 X`%Week #5. January 29February 2, 2000 h 5Topics : Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithms  @3Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  6 o`%Week #6. February 5February 9, 2000 - & ,Topics : Distributed Deadlock Detection  2@8Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  7  .E`'Week #7. February 12February 16, 2000 v U -Topics : Distributed Agreement Protocols  a@3Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  8 |t`'Week #8. February 19February 23, 2000  -Topics : Protection in Operating Systems  @4Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  14 N`#Week #9. February 26March 2, 2000 Q Topics : Cryptography  @4Reading :  Singhal and Shivaratri,  15 J`Week #10. March 59, 2000  ⪘ #Topics :  to be determined  $Reading :  to be determined @(project presentations will be this week ` Lectures a% uBecause I teach to the students, and not to the syllabus, these dates and topics are tentative and subject to change 01{without warning. In particular, if I dont discuss something youre interested in, ask about it! I may very well add it or @(modify what Im covering to include it. V`"Tentative Nature of This Syllabus 0h This syllabus is  tentative , and I reserve the right to change it as seems appropriate. So, I really will welcome any feedt@Fback, or expressions of interest, in other areas (or in these areas). AM` HHˆ>F!HHˆ H88 ld>JHH EGxROEGxREPwEPw TableFootnote}?H RP1=?H QEW*e¢ }H RPdR@@ l dR>d7f?72-(# {vqvCFILORUVSX[^adgjmpsy| %).1eb_\Y HHˆRHHˆ44B (`NAME )`!handin file submission program *` SYNOPSIS +`X/usr/pkg/bin/handin  touser  [  subdirectory  [  files  ... ] ] ,` DESCRIPTION .I phandin provides a secure means of submitting files to another user, recounting what has already been submitted, T@Band listing what subdirectories exist for containing submissions. /c`USAGE 0o`Submitting files 1{ ,With  touser ,  subdirectory  and  files  all specified, each file is copied to ~ touser /handin/ subdirectory / fromuser , 0 named with the original files  basename (1), and made owned by  touser . The directory  fromuser  is made if it {doesnt already exist and is named after the invoking user. Each file specified should have a  basename (1) unique @iamong any files already submitted by that user to  subdirectory , unless overwriting is desired. 2`Recounting submissions 4`Without  files  specified, information on previous submissions by the user to the specified  subdirectory  is shown. 5`%Listing existing  subdirectories 6ʪ`Run with only  touser  specified,  handin  just lists the existing subdirectories (regardless of accessability). 8` EXAMPLES 9媝 qThe following examples illustrate the use as a homework submission facility to the pseudo-user ``cs101 created @for this purpose: :`example1%  handin cs101 <`3Existing subdirectories (comments in parentheses): =`Asn1 (Due Mar 18) >`Asn2 (Due Mar 25) ?`-example2%  handin cs101 Asn1 part1 part2 @`Submitting part1... ok A`Submitting part2... ok B`!example3%  handin cs101 Asn1 C`.The following input files have been received: D`6Thu Mar 17 14:50:49 1994 1599 bytes part1 F`6Thu Mar 17 14:50:49 1994 3412 bytes part2 Gx` SEE ALSO H`rcvhandin (8) I` DIAGNOSTICS J yhandin  itself provides only a little of the diagnostic information thats given and returns the number of errors en@Wcountered as its exit status. Any other information comes from  rcvhandin (8). K`8Skipping  file : file non-existant or irregular 1Lƪ tThe named file didnt exist or was probably a directory. The user should check to make sure that the file they spec@3ified was indeed the file they intended to submit. M⪊`+Skipping  file : file not readable N`-The named file was not readable by the user. O`:Submitting  file ... failed [:  reason  ] P `rThe named file was not successfully submitted. If at all possible a reason is provided by  rcvhandin (8). Q` Submitting  file ... ok R%`+The named file was successfully submitted. S4`NOTES T@ handin  is really just a front-end to the  rcvhandin (8) program. The primary function of  handin  is to open the 2Knamed  files  with the effective user ID of the invoking user and pass on their contents to the  rcvhandin (8) program {having the effective user ID of  touser . This design provides a simple and portable means for implementing a file @Psubmission facility in even a non-homogeneous, network-file-system environment. Up`AUTHOR WV|`HLou Langholtz, Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, 1994 HHˆRHHˆTAA ldSEE $$SC$$0 <)E0  }xsnid_ZUP369VSP /+'#vz~FWZspmjgdGBm    $$TC$$LDDl} TMW N FGeCharacter Macros HHˆ>K:HHˆHW ` HHˆ>M:HHˆ9KGG ld>QKK HHˆ>RIHHˆ̡,,K1 `Project :,` Introduction O vThe goal of this project is to have you look at various operating systems and see how they handled various aspects of I@bsystem management. You can choose from a modern operating system, or one of historical interest. ^b` What To Do st uOften, operating systems developers forget about the myriad of approaches that have been tried in the past. Some suc0xceeded beyond their expectations; others failed. This project gives you a chance to look at some of these failures, suc@cesses, and ongoing efforts. u`You are to write a paper about an operating system or distributed system. Your paper is to do  at least  the following: `RDescribe the goals of the system and the environment(s) for which it was created; o`(Present an overview of the full system.  fDescribe the operating systems design and implementation. Discuss how and why the designers made the 0D9nchoices they did. How well did the system work? If the technology or state of our knowledge has changed since `the system was implemented, what would alternative designs and implementations be? Be detailed. pIf the system is very large and complex, you may choose to focus on two or three components in this part rather @Hthan the entire system. But explain how they interact with other parts. `]Conclude by describing what we learned from the system, and how it influenced other systems. f The level of the paper should be that of a paper for the journal  Computing Surveys . (If youve never read articles from 0uthat journal, I highly recommend you do so. Its available at the campus library; if youre off campus, any good sciuence library should carry it.) In particular, assume your reader is very knowledgeable about computer systems in genperal, has a basic knowledge of operating systems, compilers, programming languages, and networks, but has never @2heard of the system about which you are writing. !_ rSome example systems are listed below. Please send me the information in step 1 as quickly as possible, because I vwant groups to work on different operating systems. I wont reserve systems, so you need to get the information in to @ pick one! ts3`Example Systems x uThe following is a list of some operating systems you may want to write about. If one you want to tackle isnt here, please feel free to propose it. However, please do  not  suggest a version of the UNIX operating system unless it differs  vradically  from wither the Berkeley or System V releases (and when you propose it, explain how it differs and why @Hyou want to study it, and especially what you expect to learn from it). `AtlasMultics `HYDRARSTS-11 and/or RSX-11 /`TOPS-10TENEX and/or TOPS-20 n`VAX/VMSOS/360 and/or OS/370 y` ITSLOCUS p`&MV/VMS, VM/370, and/or CMSX-kernel z`KeyKOSEROS ~`AmoebaMach :3`4Step #1: Split up into teams and choose your system  Kݸ qYou are to split up into working groups of between 2 and 4 people. Each group is to choose one operating system. Wݷ@EPlease send email to ecs251@cs.ucdavis.edu containing the following: `*Group members names and email addresses; p*`fThe name of the operating system, the vendor who developed it, and the system(s) on which it ran; and A nAt least 3 references to technical papers or technical information on the web about the system. By technical HHˆ>TIHHˆHNJJ ld>XNN HHˆ>YLHHˆLN@tinformation I mean information about the inner working of the system,  not  marketing or sales literature! u` Due Date : January 12, 2000  L`Step #2: Prepare the paper  t wPlease write the paper. In addition to the technical material, please put effort into your writing. Although this is a 0Isxgroup project and hence group authorship, make your styles as consistent as possible. If the writing is poor, I reserve @the right to lower your grade! }`8Due Date : March 8, 2000 (last day of classes)  {L`#Step #3: Prepare your presentation p xDuring the last two class periods, each group will give a 10 minute presentation on their project. You wont be able to 0otpresent everything you do, obviously. There are two strategies. You can simply summarize the high points of the sysutem and its basic design, or you can spend 1 or 2 minutes giving an overview and spend the rest of the time focusing @Uon one particular component. Either is fine, but I will enforce the 10-minute limit.  `#Due Date : last two class days mL`Grading qk`2The parts of the project are weighted as follows: wj`3Step #1 (team selection and three references): 10% {`Step #2 (paper): 70% A`Step #3 (presentation): 20% HHˆ>[LHHˆKQMM ld>_QQ HHˆ>`OHHˆw..Q4 hAll About Homework A qThis handout describes some general thoughts and techniques for doing homework, as well as what is required, how @0to submit it, and other administrative matters. LM`Turning In Homework T_ oAll homework is due at noon on the due date, unless noted otherwise on the assignment. (This way, you have no 0kuincentive to skip the class while finishing your homework at the last minute!) These will be graded and returned to @Xyou as quickly as possible; well try for three class periods, but cant guarantee it . V qFor written homework, you must turn in an ASCII, a PostScript, or a PDF version of your answers (you can use any 0xtext processor you like to generate these). If you submit PostScript, please be sure the file will print on our department printers (use  ghostscript  or  gs  to check this; if it displays the file properly, the file should print correctly). If your file is a postscript file, choose a name that ends in .ps. If it is an ASCII file, please choose a name that ends in .txt. @?If your file is a PDF file, choose a name that ends in .pdf. YŪ pFor programs, turn in the source code and any related information (such as man pages and README files). Be sure 0Ѫthat we can recompile it  without errors  by typing make. You are free to use any programming language that is availrable on the CSIF and that I can get to. C, C++ or assembly is acceptable. Any of the languages in the programming tlanguages class is acceptable (assuming compilers and interpreters are available in the CSIF), and if you can write your programs in such a way that  troff (1) or  latex (1) can execute them, thats fine too. (Yes, someone once wrote a @tBASIC interpreter as a set of  troff  macros. It was very slow, but it worked.) But use lots of comments! [ oPlease turn in both your written exercises and programs electronically. Suppose you want to turn in the files  @oanswers.ps  and  prog.c  for homework 3. To do this, go to the directory containing both and type \+`)handin  cs251r hw3 answers.ps prog.c ] }This program will submit your files to the ECS 251 grader. (A manual page for the  handin  program is attached.) You F@Rhave to do this from the CSIF;  handin  does not work from other systems. i]`Doing Written Exercises jo {When you are asked to analyze something, or explain something, please be complete, and  show your work  (including 0{pany commands you give, and their output, to show how you did the problem). Otherwise, even if you get the right $answer, you will get  ZERO  (thats  0 ,  zip ,  nada ,  nothing ) points. Think your answer through and do a rough draft. Students (and professionals, actually) often overlook this, but it is  vital . Write clearly and cogently. If the question zasks for an opinion, state your opinion clearly, justify it, and dont ramble. Answers that start, My opinion is yes @]and conclude with on the other hand it could equally well be no wont get much credit.  vI do not mind being asked for help; indeed, I welcome it because it helps me know what students are finding difficult 0ƪzor confusing, and sometimes a few words about the problem in class will clarify the assignment immensely. I  do  wmind being asked for help before you have tried to think the problem through. The classic objectionable question (this mreally happened) occurred on a homework assignment in which the class was given a buggy program. The assignnment said the program did not work, and the homework was to debug it and make it work. That particular class qperiod discussed how to deal with bugs, and gave tips and techniques on how to debug programs. Within 10 minutes vof the end of the class during which the assignment was given out, the instructor got this request for help: The pro@'gram doesnt run. What do I do now?  sSo, before asking for help, please be sure that you have thought about the problem, read all relevant handouts and 0)vmaterial in the text, and news articles (because your question may be answered there), and tried everything you could @think of to solve the problem. D qWhen you come to me, or send me a note, asking for help, please show me whatever you have done to solve the probpPxlem, because the first question I will ask you is What have you tried? This isnt because I think youre wasting my stime. Its because understanding how you have tried to solve the problem will help me figure out exactly what your tdifficulty is and what I can do to help you. Remember, I will do everything I can to avoid solving the problem for @Xyou. When I give you help, my goal is to help  you  solve the problem yourself. HHˆ>bOHHˆNTPP ldDOTT HHˆDPRHHˆ  T$`Late Homework & sAs this is a graduate class, I expect that each of you can keep charge of your own time, and get assignments in on 0ytime. But as you are taking other classes too (right?) I recognize sometimes this is not reasonable. I will not penalize you for late assignments,  but I reserve the right to change this policy if the class abuses it!  So please get work in on @0time (or as close to on time as is possible). UY`Grade Appeals 'k zIf you feel that there is an error in grading, please come see me and Ill look over it (and possibly talk with you about pwsit). However, dont dally; any such request must be made within one week of when the grades were made available. @'After that, I won't change your grade. 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